Project part 2

need help posting a project. Docs included. 

Healthcare Regulations, Readmission, and the Budgets

Paper topic/Hypothesis : how lack of medication regulation and readmission drive up hospital cost and cause drifts in planned budgets for hospitals.

Introduction

What we mean when we talk about healthcare policies is a set of preemptive regulations established to enhance healthcare delivery. The program addresses many concerns, including but not limited to; healthcare financing, protracted care, mental health, and preventative medicine. One of the most pressing problems in the United States we must solve now is how to improve healthcare delivery. People have been able to live healthier and longer lives thanks to increased Medicare expansion in recent decades. This study intends to investigate healthcare reform and the policies from different areas of healthcare inside the United States. This review takes a look at different diseases, measures of analysis, and studies done in relation to planning and policies in reflection of mortality rates and readmission of patients in different hospitals.

Starting review

It has been suggested by Buerhaus et al. (2017) that the quality of service delivered in private practice differs significantly from the quality of healthcare provided in hospitals and other medical institutions. According to the Institute of Medicine, “almost 100,000 people in the United States die every year due to preventable medical mistakes made by medical staff, lending credence to the claims made in this research.” The paper notes that many mistakes occur due to inappropriate medicine administration, inaccurate patient identification, or erroneous surgical location
(Frisina and Neri 2018). Even the smallest medical blunders would be eliminated if strict protocols were strictly adhered to.

A medication policy that promotes interdisciplinary teamwork was found to be effective in reducing drug-related difficulties. Pellegrin et al. (2016) found that geriatric patients were less likely to require hospitalization due to medication-related complications when hospital pharmacists and community pharmacists worked together to manage their medications. Integrating pharmacists into primary care and other community-based healthcare teams have been proposed by Smith et al. (2016) to boost practice efficiency, care coordination, patient outcomes, and the prevention of avoidable adverse medication events. , being admitted to the hospital when they did not need to be, etc.

Bucknall et al. (2019) find that patients’ preferences on their medication management should be assessed at the time of hospital admission, even though patients’ perspectives on their involvement in medication management differ. According to research, comprehensive medication management (CMM) has been shown to help clinical pharmacists become more self-aware of how they might influence drug outcomes
(Walker, 2015). Despite the fact that numerous studies have demonstrated the critical nature of drug management, medication mistakes continue to be a major issue in the United States.
(Jones and Treiber, 2018).

Medication safety can be enhanced in several ways; one such way is through increased collaboration between healthcare providers, patients, and community and hospital physicians. Medication management is only one of many processes that can benefit from applying the Lean Six Sigma methodology
(Nayar et al., 2016). It can be used to implement solutions such as identifying and implementing the Nurses’ Rights of medicines (at the right dose, Right medicine, Right patient, via the right route, and during the right time) to formalize as well as legitimize caregiver control over through the administration process and to establish a fair culture concerning medication surroundings
(Jones & Treiber, 2018).

Measures of analysis

In measuring the hospital administration’s success and failures of policies and procedures, this research is based on the mortality and readmission rates. According to
Waydhas (2020), mortality rates are the rate of death in a particular population. Readmission rates are the rate of people being readmitted to a facility with the same illness, lack of comprehensive care, and not fully recovering based on services offered. These two measures of analysis can help determine the effectiveness of administration planning and policies in offering health services to such a population.

According to Upadhyay (2019), study follows 98 hospitals in Washington State from 2012 to 2014 to see if the publicly available readmission statistics on Hospital Compare affect the hospitals’ bottom lines. The AMI, PN, and HF readmission rates were compared to revenue per patient, costs per patient, and operating margin. An examination of 276 hospital-year observations using hospital-level fixed effects regression showed a positive correlation between reduced AMI readmission rates and operational revenues. The cost of running a hospital also rises when readmission rates are lowered. There may be a little rise in operating margin due to greater operational revenues attributable to higher PN readmission rates. Nonetheless, as readmissions persist, with greater resource use comes the potential for rising costs, which might eventually eat into profits (Allen, 2015).

Reducing avoidable hospital readmissions is promoted as a quality indicator and a cost-cutting strategy (O’Connor, 2021). The Hospital Readmission Reduction Program (HRRP) was launched in 2012 as part of the Affordable Care Act (ACA). Hospitals with 30-day readmission rates for heart attack, heart failure, or pneumonia greater than planned are subject to financial penalties under this program (Upadhyay, 2019).

Although some trauma patients survive hospitalization, most of those who die do so while receiving emergency or intensive care (ICU). Yet many people do not make it past the initial hospital stay, even after being released from the intensive care unit. Initial impressions can label these incidents as “failure to rescue” victims who could have been saved. There is some speculation that a low incidence of this phenomenon in intensive care units and surgical wards indicates high-quality trauma care.

Therefore, the first step in recognizing inefficiencies of this kind and developing corrective policies is the identification and measurement of inappropriate treatment (Park et al., 2017). Consider the importance of assigning a monetary value to the health benefits of a treatment to ascertain whether or not the action in question is suitable and cost-effective.

Conclusions

Upadhyay’s (2019) results showed that a medical condition’s mortality and readmission rates varied, indicating that the quality of care also varied. Admin policy and practices play a crucial role in ensuring that the utmost is gained from the decisions made, not resulting in increased mortality and readmission rates. Improving care safety and health outcomes for patients requires looking at how we treat them while they are in the hospital, preparing them for life after discharge, and supporting them in the community once they return home.

Reference

Alper, E., O’Malley, T. A., Greenwald, J., Aronson, M. D., & Park, L. (2017). Hospital discharge and readmission. UpToDate. Waltham, MA: UpToDate.

American College of Clinical Pharmacy, McBane, S. E., Dopp, A. L., Abe, A., Benavides, S., Chester, E. A., Dixon, D. L., Dunn, M., Johnson, M. D., Nigro, S. J., Rothrock-Christian, T., Schwartz, A. H., Thrasher, K., & Walker, S. (2015). Collaborative drug therapy management and comprehensive medication management―2015. Pharmacotherapy: The Journal of Human Pharmacology and Drug Therapy, 35(4), e39-e50. https://doi.org/10.1002/phar.1563

Bucknall, T., Digby, R., Fossum, M., Hutchinson, A. M., Considine, J., Dunning, T., Hughes, L., Weir-Phyland, J., & Manias, E. (2019). Exploring patient preferences for involvement in medication management in hospitals. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 75(10), 21892199. https://doi.org/10.1111/jan.14087

Buerhaus, P. I., Skinner, L. E., Auerbach, D. I., & Staiger, D. O. (2017). Four challenges facing the nursing workforce in the United States. Journal of Nursing Regulation, 8(2), 40-46. Frisina Doetter, L., & Neri, S. (2018). Redefining the state in health care policy in Italy and the United States. European Policy Analysis, 4(2), 234-254.

Cylus, J., Papanicolas, I., Smith, P. C., & World Health Organization. (2016). Health system efficiency: how to make measurement matter for policy and management. World Health Organization. Regional Office for Europe.

Dwenger, A. T., Fox, E. R., Macdonald, E. A., & Edvalson, B. J. (2019). Implementation of hyperlinks to medication management policies and guidelines in the electronic health record. American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy, 76(Supplement_3), S69-S73. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajhp/zxz122

Gupta, A., & Fonarow, G. C. (2018). The Hospital Readmissions Reduction Program—learning from failure of a healthcare policy. European journal of heart failure, 20(8), 1169-1174.

Hamsen, U., Drotleff, N., Lefering, R., Gerstmeyer, J., Schildhauer, T. A., & Waydhas, C. (2020). Mortality in severely injured patients: nearly one of five non-survivors have already been discharged alive from ICU. BMC anesthesiology, 20(1), 1-8.

Hunt‐O’Connor, C., Moore, Z., Patton, D., Nugent, L., Avsar, P., & O’Connor, T. (2021). The effect of discharge planning on length of stay and readmission rates of older adults in acute hospitals: A systematic review and meta‐analysis of systematic reviews. Journal of Nursing Management, 29(8), 2697-2706.

Jones, J. H., & Treiber, L. A. (2018, July). Nurses’ rights of medication administration: Including authority with accountability and responsibility. In Nursing Forum (Vol. 53, No. 3, pp. 299-303). https://doi.org/10.1111/nuf.12252

Köberlein-Neu, J., Mennemann, H., Hamacher, S., Waltering, I., Jaehde, U., Schaffert, C., & Rose, O. (2016). Interprofessional medication management in patients with multiple morbidities: a cluster-randomized trial (the WestGem Study). Deutsches Ärzteblatt international, 113(44), 741.

Laudicella, M., Donni, P. L., & Smith, P. C. (2013). Hospital readmission rates: signal of failure or success? Journal of health economics, 32(5), 909-921.

McIlvennan, C. K., Eapen, Z. J., & Allen, L. A. (2015). Hospital readmissions reduction program. Circulation, 131(20), 1796-1803.

Nayar, P., Ojha, D., Fetrick, A. and Nguyen, A.T. (2016), “Applying Lean Six Sigma to improve medication management”, International Journal of Health Care Quality Assurance, Vol. 29 No. 1, pp. 16-23. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJHCQA-02-2015-0020

Pellegrin, K. L., Krenk, L., Oakes, S. J., Ciarleglio, A., Lynn, J., McInnis, T., Bairos, A. W., Gomez, L., McCary, M. B., Hanlon, A. L., & Miyamura, J. (2017). Reductions in medication‐related hospitalizations in older adults with medication management by hospital and community pharmacists: a quasi‐experimental study. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 65(1), 212-219. https://doi.org/10.1111/jgs.14518

Ridwan, E. S., Hadi, H., Wu, Y. L., & Tsai, P. S. (2019). Effects of transitional care on hospital readmission and mortality rate in subjects with COPD: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Respiratory Care, 64(9), 1146-1156.

Smith, M. A., Spiggle, S., & McConnell, B. (2017). Strategies for community-based medication management services in value-based health plans. Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy, 13(1), 48-62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sapharm.2016.01.005

Upadhyay, S., Stephenson, A. L., & Smith, D. G. (2019). Readmission rates and their impact on hospital financial performance: a study of Washington hospitals. INQUIRY: The Journal of Health Care Organization, Provision, and Financing, 56, 0046958019860386.

Vollam, S., Dutton, S., Lamb, S., Petrinic, T., Young, J. D., & Watkinson, P. (2018). Out-of-hours discharge from intensive care, in-hospital mortality and intensive care readmission rates: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Intensive care medicine, 44(7), 1115-1129.

Wong, E. L., Cheung, A. W., Leung, M., Yam, C. H., Chan, F. W., Wong, F. Y., & Yeoh, E. K. (2011). Unplanned readmission rates, length of hospital stay, mortality, and medical costs of ten common medical conditions: a retrospective analysis of Hong Kong hospital data. BMC health services research, 11(1), 1-8.

Wong, E. L., Cheung, A. W., Leung, M., Yam, C. H., Chan, F. W., Wong, F. Y., & Yeoh, E. K. (2011). Unplanned readmission rates, length of hospital stay, mortality, and medical costs of ten common medical conditions: a retrospective analysis of Hong Kong hospital data. BMC health services research, 11(1), 1-8.

Structure – please ensure it is in APA format and times new roman font.

https://citetotal.com/writing-guides/how-to-write-a-capstone-project/#:~:text=They%20are%20designed%20around%20a,elements%20of%20every%20capstone%20project

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Capstone projects usually follow a specific structure:

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Abstract. Although it is located at the beginning of the written project, the abstract should be written last. It is a summary of the entire study; you can approach it as soon as you are sure that every other part is complete. Do not confuse the abstract with the introduction of the paper—abstracts contain enough information to interest the reader in the entire project. Thus, they must capture the essence and relay main concepts, hypotheses, research methods, and findings.

· Introduction. In this section, you will acquaint your readers with the topic you have selected. Sometimes, an introduction is split into multiple smaller categories such as “Purpose of the Paper” or “Research Questions,” but they can be located in this part since they present the topic. Here, you should introduce the issue and connect it to your sphere of academic knowledge or course. In addition, you may discuss why this research problem is significant. Next, list the formulated research questions or hypotheses that will guide the investigation. State the objectives that you wish to achieve with the help of this project. Finally, if it is required, include a thesis that succinctly describes the aims and beliefs of the capstone project.

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· Literature Review. A review of the existing literature is a vital component of any research endeavor. Here, you will search for academic and other reliable sources that are connected to your topic. These articles, books, trials, and studies will be used as a foundation for the research. Sources can contain pertinent findings, discuss well-examined methodologies, present new ideas, and confirm or refute earlier findings. Document the results of your search and analyze them; look for gaps in knowledge. What themes are not explored well or missing altogether? What should or can be researched in more detail? You can attempt to fill in these gaps with your findings.

· Methodology. In this section of the project, you will talk about how your research is to be conducted.

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· First, describe your research design; it can be qualitative, quantitative, or mixed (a combination of the two). Each type also has many subcategories. Choose one, and explain why it works the best for your topic.

· Next, state your independent and dependent variables if needed for your selected design. Independent variables are what you choose to investigate (for example, different training programs for employees). Dependent variables are affected by independent ones (for example, employee performance after training).

· Describe the sample for your project. Who are the participants, and how many of them are involved? What are the inclusion and exclusion criteria for research?

· List the materials and tools you used in conducting research. Here, you can introduce questionnaires, online tests, and other media created for this project.

· Write about the process of conducting research, discussing all the major elements of the procedure. What were the participants asked to perform? How were the results collected?

· Discuss how you analyzed the results, listing measurements, tests, and calculations. Explain why you chose each method, and support your selections with previous research