Applying Scientific Knowledge – Bio Chemistry

Applying Scientific Knowledge – Bio Chemistry
Cyanide inhibits a key enzyme in cellular respiration. Discuss the mechanism and effect of enzyme inhibition.
Cyanide has an inhibitory effect on respiration and subsequently on respiratory enzymes. Due to this potential, cyanide provides a competitive inhibition to cytochrome c oxidase. The process may either start with the pulsed or resting enzyme where a partial reduction process of cytochrome c oxidase occurs transferring two of its electron procedural from ferrocytochrome c to cytochrome a and CuA. The process occurs by converting closed enzyme to open enzyme conformation, which in turn renders the cyanide to bind with cytochrome a3-CuB site. In its oxidised form, cytochrome oxidase mixes with cyanide in a process that change the heme-absorption bands. The rate of exchange relies on the concentration of protein and cyanide. The reduction process of cytochrome oxidase involves the HCN and a32+. The inhibition process either occurs by reducing cytochrome c enzyme and the inhibitor reacts with a32+ or in case of preincubated cyanide oxidase, the results would be cyanide with low concentration due to inhibition.
Sequence 1: 31- TAAAATCAGCTCTAGACGGTACTCTACTCTACTAGTGGTCCATG-51
Transcribing:
TAA – Stop codons
AAT – Asparagine (Asn)
CAG- Glutamine (Gln
CTC – leucine (Leu)
TAG – Stop codons
ACG – Threonine (Thr)
GTA – Valine (Val)
CTC – leucine (Leu)
TAC – tryptophan (Tyr)
TAG – stop codons
TGG – tryptophan (Trp)
TCC – Serine (Ser)
ATG – Methionine (Met)

Translating the Sequence
Amphipathic mostly located at the lipid membranes or protein’s surface
TAC – tryptophan (Tyr)
TGG – tryptophan (Trp)

Hydrophobic mostly buried inside the core of the protein
ATG – Methionine (Met)
CTC – leucine (Leu)
GTA – Valine (Val)
CTC – leucine (Leu)
Polar (form hydrogen bonds either as acceptors or donors
TCC – Serine (Ser)
ACG – Threonine (Thr)
CAG- Glutamine (Gln)
AAT – Asparagine (Asn)
Stop Codons
TAA, TAG, and TAG
Sequence 2: 31- AGGACGTAGCTTTTAACGCTCTAAAGGAAATTA- 51
AGG – Arg (Arginine)
ACG – Thr (Threonine)
TAG – Stop codons
CTT – Leu (leucine)
TTA -Leu (leucine)
ACG – Thr (Threonine)
CTC – Leu (leucine)
TAA – stop codons
AGG – Arg (Arginine)
AAA – Lys (Lysine)
TTA – Leu (leucine)
Polar (form hydrogen bonds either as acceptors or donors
ACG – Thr (Threonine)
Charged (side chains frequently form salt bridges
AGG – Arg (Arginine)
AAA – Lys (Lysine)
Stop Codons
TAA and TAG
Hydrophobic mostly buried inside the core of the protein
CTT – Leu (leucine)
TTA -Leu (leucine)
CTC – Leu (leucine)
TTA – Leu (leucine)
Normal haemoglobin DNA and Sickle cell haemoglobin DNA
The difference between Normal haemoglobin DNA and Sickle cell haemoglobin DNA is that normal haemoglobin has six codons: Histidine, Valine, Aspartic acid, Methionin, Glycine, Leucine, Leucine, and Phenylalanine. On the other had sickle cell haemoglobin has six codons: Histidine, Valine, Aspartic acid, Methionin, Glycine, Histidine, Leucine, and Phenylalanine. Sickle cell anaemia in this case results when Leucine is substituted with Histidine.
Compounds are DNA and RNA
Adenine – RNA, DNA
Guanine – RNA, DNA
2-deoxy-D-ribose – DNA
Cytosine – RNA, DNA
Thymine – RNA, DNA
D-ribose – DNA
Uracil – RNA
Cytochrome -c protein
The closest species to human being in terms of cytochrome-c protein is Rhesus monkey because it has a similar amino acid consequence in comparison to human being thus ranked number 1. Bull frog is ranked as position 2 where it only has differences of two last amino acids in comparison to human beings. Position 3 is taken by tuna which has two similar amino acids the DV as humans. This is followed by the chicken with only one similar amino acid to human while silkworm has position 5 and it does not share any amino acid with human beings.
a) The template strand is the one running from a 31 to 51 which in this case is TACCTGCCAACT. A template strand is one where the mRNA is built from and it is involved in the transcription process. On the other hand, the coding strand is not applied in the transcription process due to its correspondence with mRNA sequence that encompass the codon sequences which are essential in building proteins.
b) The sequence of mRNA is different from DNA as it has uracil replacing thymine. It follows a 51 to 31 (5 prime to 3 prime) direction where if elongation stops, it results to separation of mRNA and DNA.
c) anticodons of tRNA: The tRNA 1st where it has 31 ends with the 2nd place having a tRNA anticodon. In addition, the 3rd place, meaning the one with 51 tRNA anticodon. This means that the T from the tRNA emerges from the A of the mRNA.
d) Through translation, the mRNA read as 5’ to 3’ is transferred to tRNA read as 31 to 51 which assists in the translation of information on the ribosome into an amino acid chain .